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The standard typewriter keyboard serves as a model for keyboards of teletypewriters, desk calculators, consoles, computer keysets, cash registers, etc. This man-machine interface should be designed to allow high-frequency, error-free operation with the least possible strain on the operator. This paper discusses several feasible biomechanical improvements of the keyboard. Some experimental findings are described which support the following design concepts: (1) the keys should be arranged in a "hand-configured" grouping to simplify the motion patterns of the fingers; (2) the keyboard sections allotted to each hand should be physically separated to facilitate the positioning of the fingers; and (3) the keyboard sections allotted to each hand should be declined laterally to reduce postural muscular strain of the operator.

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Recently, an increased emphasis has been placed on product quality and compatibility with the human user. As a result, there is growing recognition of the need for man/machine design standards. Do present standards meet this need? In the present study, the impact of human engineering standards on product designs was evaluated by: (1) a comparison of two display panels designed to the same standards, (2) an analytical evaluation of two existing standards, and (3) a survey of standard users. Existing standards appear to have little effect on product design. The apparent reasons are complex, probably involving deficiencies in the standards themselves, education, and interdisciplinary communication, as well as designer preference.

This fascinating account of the histories of human engineering reveals the importance of combining technology with tact.

The purpose of this paper is to make practical suggestions regarding the appropriate use and interpretation of the null hypothesis (He) in human engineering research. The coverage of this topic, as presented herein, is neither meant to be restrictive nor exhaustive, but it does represent a simple and concise treatment of a very real methodological problem. The paper itself is offered as a single collective source of several research arguments underlying using and interpreting Ho as an experimental hypothesis.

The problems encountered in the development of a control system for the human engineering literature are briefly reviewed. The heterogeneity of the system and its flexibility is demonstrated in a topical outline and in selected examples of search terms.

Field maintenance actions reported in a deployed air defense system were reviewed to determine and quantify (1) the nature of operator and maintainer influences on system malfunctions, and (2) the nature of man-machine problems being encountered by system personnel in actual diagnosis and repair activities. Maintenance events described in 213 problem reports from the field were categorized according to three probable sources of malfunction: primarily human, combination human and equipment, and primarily equipment. Human involvement in system malfunctions was clearly established in 25% of the events reported. Additional information contained in 21 documents analyzing system maintenance was examined. The nature of human influence on system malfunction is described by examples of "unfortunate" field maintenance, "ordinary" field maintenance, and troubleshooting deficiencies. The nature of reported man-machine problems highlighted the fact that human engineering participation in establishing maintainability design requirements can serve to make equipment that will be suitable to the presence and actions of human users.

A detailed item-by-item analytical review of two existing government human engineering standards and the results of a users' survey on human engineering standards revealed formatting and organization problems in current human engineering standards which detract from their utility to the designer. Problems identified and recommended solutions are presented. The recommended solutions are primarily directed at improving the ability to retrieve data from the standards and as a result increasing the degree to which the human engineering discipline has an effect on design.